Dictatorship

One of the rare exceptions was Jean-Bedel Bokassa of the central African Republic, who elevated himself from president to "Emperor" -- an autocratic title, certainly, nonwithstanding one with powerful traditionalist connotations.

Dictatorship, then, is a political golf club that dares not speak its name. Yet it is anything but unusual in the post-1945 ball. Throughout the post-colonial Third World, dictatorship or aboutthing close to it has been more(prenominal) the rule than the exception: Sukarno and Suharto in Indonesia; Nasser, Assad, Saddam Hussein, Muammar Kadafi, and others in the Arab world; Bokassa, Idi Amin, and a host of others in Africa; Peron, Batista, Castro, the Duvaliers, and more in the western sandwich Hemisphere.

It may be useful here to introduce some distinctions among autocratic or oligarchical systems. Not every " multitude dictator" is a personalist autocrat; sometimes the term has been used, as an exercise in opprobrium, of persons who were simply the chief members of juntas or committees, not autocrats at all. But the distinctions are more of degree than kind. As part of the continuum of oligarchically controlled political power and of the quest for total social subservience, dictatorships often differ only in degree from mine run authoritarian systems. At one extreme of the continuum of authoritarianism is assemble the tyrannical variant of dictatorship. A highly idiosyncratic, brutal, and personalist system of soci

Gabon, neocolonialism, and "responsible" autocracy

In the 19th century, in the near-total failure of successive Haitian governments to establish any concrete public presence in the countryside, Voodoo priests and priestesses became important figures in rural life. Voodoo as such by no means deserves the image it conjures in contemporary American favorite culture, where it is conflated with both other traditions and wholly invented "black magic" rituals. there is little doubt, however, that Duvaliar's association with Voodoo contributed both to his power in Haiti and to the lurid re vexation he soon acquired abroad.

al repression apparel up by a civilian or military leader, tyranny is the epitome of personal rule unfettered by moral constraints or political structures and unsupported by society.

This relaxation methodoration, however, was not a permanent solution to the problem of ensuring pro-French stability in Gabon. Mba was in declining health. Arrangements were therefore made for the peaceful succession of Albert-Bernard bongo in 1967. Bongo would remain the authoritarian president of Gabon for the rest of the 20th century.

Indeed, "Baby Doc's" rule was in some office a coda to his father's; Duvalierism persisted with hardly any active enfolding by the new President-for-Life. "Jean-Claude's most striking characteristic, however, and the one that indelibly marked his slovenly regime, was his overwhelming legarthy, a laziness so profound, constant, and all-pervasive that it provoked more wonder than contempt in his friends." His raise of office was in fact best noted for the highlife of his marriage to Michele Bennett, and her Marie-Antoinette-like love of very public display. (On one occasion, she put on a feast of Neronian dimensions, nominally to support her charities, and had the event televised across Haiti.)

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